Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera)
Kermes oak is a hardy evergreen shrub or small tree native to the Mediterranean basin. It typically grows 3 to 15 feet (1 to 4.5 meters) tall, although it can occasionally reach greater heights under favorable conditions. Its dense, spiny foliage consists of small, leathery leaves with a glossy, dark green upper surface. The tree produces inconspicuous yellowish-green flowers in spring, which develop into small acorns enclosed in spiny cups.
Photo: Zeynel Cebeci, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Kermes oak thrives in arid and semi-arid conditions, often found in rocky, calcareous soils. It resists drought and grazing, making it a crucial component of Mediterranean ecosystems. This species provides essential habitat for various wildlife, including insects, birds, and mammals. Its wood has been historically used for fuel, and the tree was once a source of the Kermes dye, derived from a scale insect that lives on the plant.
Photo: צילום:ד”ר אבישי טייכר, CC BY 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5, via Wikimedia Commons
Scientific Classification of Kermes Oak
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Clade | Angiosperms |
| Clade | Eudicots |
| Order | Fagales |
| Family | Fagaceae |
| Genus | Quercus |
| Scientific Name | Quercus coccifera |
Quick Information
| Plant Type | Evergreen shrub or small tree |
| Identification | Height: 3 to 15 feet (1 to 4.5 meters) Leaves: Small, leathery, spiny, dark green Stem: Dense, branching stems Flowers: Inconspicuous, yellowish-green in spring Roots: Extensive root system for drought resistance Growth Habit: Low-growing, dense, and bushy Crown: Rounded and compact |
| Distribution | Found across the Mediterranean basin, from Spain to Turkey |
| Habitat | Thrives in rocky, calcareous soils and dry hillsides; also found in open woodlands and maquis ecosystems |
| USDA Hardiness Zone | 8 through 10 |
| Growth Rate | Slow to moderate |
| Lifespan | Long-lived; often exceeds 150 years |
| Growing Conditions | Sunlight: Full sun to partial shade Soil: Prefers rocky, calcareous soils but tolerates poor soil conditions Water: Minimal water needs; highly drought-tolerant |
| Drought Tolerance | Very high; adapted to arid environments |
| Diseases | Occasionally affected by root rot and leaf spot diseases |
| Pests | Susceptible to caterpillars and scale insects |
| Reproductive System | Monoecious; produces acorns as seeds |
| Propagation | Through seeds or cuttings |
| Wildlife Value | Provides food and habitat for insects, birds, and mammals; acorns are an essential food source |
| Uses | Fuelwood, erosion control, dye production (historically from Kermes insect), habitat restoration |
| IUCN Conservation Status | Least Concern |
Photo: S. Rae